Q: I know what a handwriting expert does, but what does a document examiner do?

A document examiner attempts to answer questions relating to the reliability and authenticity of a document which may involve, but are not limited to, the handwriting, printing or signatures. A document examiner may also be asked to determine how and when a document was prepared and whether alterations are present, lift latent writing impressions from the document, recover information from erased or obliterated portions, compare typewriting or other printed matter, perform ink and paper comparisons, and examine every part of the entire document. Government laboratories often handle problems that are rare in private practice. They may, for example, be asked to decipher a charred or water soaked document, determine if official documents are authentic [passports, postal money orders etc.], or match crime scene evidence such as torn pieces of paper. Expertise in handwriting is only one requirement of the profession.

Q: Does a document examiner testify in court a lot?

No. It has been estimated that examiners testify in only 2-3% of the cases in which they render opinions. In most instances, examiners submit a written report and that is the end of their involvement.

Q: There seem to be several board certification designations. What are the differences?

Several organizations offer board certification but they are all based on different criteria. One certifying body, for example, uses a point system to award certification but does not test applicants on knowledge of the profession. Another body which does currently test applicants, waived testing and grandfathered members of the sponsoring organizations for a period of several years. Certifications have even been claimed through organizations that do not appear to be listed anywhere. It would be prudent to ask for a brochure that explains the sponsoring organization's board certification program. Ask also whether the examiner personally completed the program as outlined in the brochure. The AFDE Board Certification Program requires that all applicants, regardless of professional standing or years of practice, complete all steps of the program.

Q: Is research being conducted and where can I locate it?

Yes. The Journal of Forensic Document Examination publishes the results of research by academic scientists that deals with various aspects of handwriting and motor control. Many of these researchers are members of the International Graphonomics Society. Their papers are also published in a variety of other publications. The Journal of Forensic Document Examination also publishes informal studies conducted by document examiners that often involve issues resulting from case work. Research and case studies on handwriting-related issues can also be found in motor control, experimental psychology, medical, and forensic science journals.

Q: How does one become a document examiner?

A degree from an accredited college or university is a start. Although not all document examiners currently practicing hold a degree, individuals entering the field at this time will need a degree for admittance to professional associations. Depending upon the areas of document examination that one chooses to specialize in, a degree in the physical sciences may be helpful. Individuals should also have an analytical mind, sharp eye for detail, and be self-directed

There are primarily two methods of training. Individuals employed in a law enforcement agency normally train in-house as apprentices. Others must locate mentors who are willing to direct their studies and provide actual case work as a means of gaining the necessary practical experience. Attending educational symposiums for professional development and court sessions to become familiar with the proceedings and hear expert witness testimony is also important. Students must do a lot of reading, experimenting and research on their own. Continuous contact with one or more established court-qualified professionals is essential during this period. Colleges/universities do not offer courses in document examination, except occasionally, as an introductory course for law enforcement officers or investigators to assist them in their work with document examiners.

Training outside of law enforcement agencies is expensive and time-consuming. It requires travel out of state to attend seminars and [usually] to work with experienced examiners to gain practical experience. The training period lasts until the person is competent to render forensic opinions. In the private sector, document examination is often a second career for many people so studies may begin on a part-time basis and continue for three, four, or five years, depending on how much time is devoted to learning and gaining practical experience. Opinions rendered by document examiners have a tremendous impact on the lives of people involved in criminal prosecution or civil litigation. Document examiners in training must therefore be responsible enough not to accept cases until their mentor(s) agree and/or tests confirm that they are ready to begin a practice. Once established, continuing education is available through professional organizations. Attending continuing education conferences is an obligation of every professional.

Q: What is the difference between a graphoanalyst, a graphologist, and a document examiner?

A graphoanalyst / graphologist is one who evaluates personality from handwriting. Serious practitioners use this for personal or personnel assessment or counseling. Others use it for fun and entertainment. Graphology belongs in the field of psychology. Questioned document examination is a branch of the forensic sciences, most often employed in law enforcement and civil litigation. [See another answer for further description]. The only common denominator between graphology/graphoanalysis and document examination is that both involve handwriting. Training in one does not qualify one to practice in the other.