Back Issues

2013 ISSUE – JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 23, 2013
ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS

I-Guest Author

Review of Tremor: Impact on Activities of Daily Living Pre and Post Deep Brain Stimulation

Arshia Sadreddin, MD ………………………………………………… 5

Abstract: Tremor is a rhythmic, oscillatory movement produced by alternating or synchronous contractions of antagonistic muscles. It is the most common form of involuntary movement. However, only a fraction of those with tremor seek medical attention. When mild, tremor may not even be noticed or ignored. Depending on the cause, tremor can progress and reach a point that it significantly interferes with activities of daily living and can affect eating, drinking, hygiene, writing, hobbies, and often one’s occupation. Treatment of tremor depends on the underlying cause. In this article, classifications of tremors and various etiologies and impact on activities of daily living (ADL’s) are discussed. Current treatment options such as surgical management specifically deep brain stimulation are reviewed.

II-Research

Apraxic Agraphia in Patients with Dementia

Michael P. Caligiuri ……………………..15

Abstract: Prior characterizations of handwriting in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are consistent with what is generally referred to as apraxic agraphia. While the phenomenon appears to be prevalent in dementia, it remains unclear whether the presence of apraxic agraphia is associated with severity of cognitive impairment and whether apraxic agraphia is associated with other aspects of impaired handwriting. This study was undertaken to estimate the prevalence of apraxic agraphia in signatures and sentences produced by AD writers and to identify the relationship between dementia severity and the presence of apraxic agraphia.

Thirty-three patients meeting clinical criteria for AD were enrolled into the study. Subjects underwent a full battery of clinical and neuropsychological assessments and participated in a handwriting task consisting of writing a standard sentence and signature over multiple trials. Handwriting movements were digitized and processed using commercially available software. Results indicated that approximately 25% of the AD subjects exhibited apraxic agraphia for either sentence or signature writing. Apraxic subjects had significantly more severe cognitive impairment and executed more dysfluent movements during handwriting than non-apraxic subjects. Overall, the findings support the hypothesis that apraxic agraphia in AD may stem from a disturbance in the non-linguistic graphomotor component of the handwriting motor program.

Age-Related Statistical Differences in the Ability of Arabic Writers to Simulate Elements in Arabic Signatures

Abdulaziz Al-Musa Alkahtani ………………………………………………. 25

Abstract: This paper, the sixth in a series of studies investigating assumptions made by forensic document examiners (FDEs), focuses on the accuracy of simulations of line quality, form, and proportion in Arabic signatures by Arabic writing subjects of different ages. The results largely confirmed the tenets proffered by the field. Young age groups–late adolescents of 16 to 20 years, early young adults from 21 to 30 years, and, to a lesser extent, late young adults from 31 to 40 years–simulated the signatures significantly more accurately than older writers.

The researcher’s prediction that adolescent innovativeness and interest in experimenting with new styles of writing might carry over into young adult stages was supported. Adolescents were usually as accurate (in simulating proportion) or more accurate (in simulating form) than the two young adult groups, as suggested by the literature and the predictions of this study. However, they were significantly poorer than the early young adults in simulating line quality.

III-Case Study/Research

Writings of a Person with Dissociative Identity Disorder – A Longitudinal and a Kinematic Study

Bonnie L. Schwid and Hans-Leo Teulings ……………………………………………………… 41

Abstract: Forensic Document Examiners (FDEs) may confront questioned handwritings of persons diagnosed with a Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as a multiple personality disorder. While there is scientific research on DID, most of the literature related to handwriting in DID is anecdotal. Many articles refer to modifications of handwriting for each personality, but no evidence has been found to indicate that handwriting was analyzed using a kinematic approach to collect dynamic data from the writing. This paper will be the first known study to compare the different personalities of a participant diagnosed with DID by recording pen movements and establishing dynamic variables using a Wacom® pen tablet and the MovAlyzeR® software, an objective standard for measuring writing for scientific research in handwriting. The results of the kinematic analysis are then compared to a conventional analysis. Initial results show both static and kinematic differences between the personalities. Additionally, this study documents the stability of the personalities over time, from 1993 to 2011.

IV-Book Reviews

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. The cost will be $0.

The Digital Print: Identification and Preservation

by Martin C. Jurgens, reviewed by Joseph G. Barabe ……………………………………………… 63

In an earlier paper (Barabe, 2010), the reviewer presented an atlas in which photomicrographs of a wide variety of traditional and digital printing processes were shown, along with brief descriptions of the processes and aids to their identification. That paper also listed a number of resources available for further study, including the exemplars that forensic document examiners (FDEs) will need in order to become competent in printing process identification. Among them, Martin C. Jürgens’ book, The Digital Print: Identification and Preservation, was of considerable importance in this earlier study.
Upon its publication, the book became the definitive authority in the field.

A separate well-illustrated flowchart is included with the book. In this review, Jürgens’ book is more closely re-examined as part of a carefully integrated set of digital print study tools that include the book, its accompanying flowchart, and a collection of digital printing process reference samples produced by Jürgens and his colleagues as teaching tools in workshops in photograph conservation. Although the book and the set of reference samples were created separately, they can be considered a carefully integrated study set.

Developments in Handwriting and Signature Identification in the Digital Age

by Heidi H. Harralson, reviewed by Emily J. Will ……………………………………………… 73

This newly released book, Developments in Handwriting and Signature Identification in the Digital Age is part of the orensic Studies for Criminal Justice series published by Anderson Publishing (an imprint of Elsevier). The authors state that the purpose of this book is to “give some focus in this new area (analysis of electronic signatures) by defining misunderstood terms, identifying problems and challenges to forensic handwriting identification, and recommending methods of practice.” The book not only meets, but sometimes exceeds these intentions, and will be a valuable addition to the forensic document examination literature.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 22, 2012

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS

I-Research

A Consideration of Signature Complexity Using Simulators’ Gaze Behaviour
Avni L. Pepe, Douglas K. Rogers and Jodi C. Sita ………………………………………………… 5

Abstract: The more complex a signature is the harder it is thought to simulate compared to less complex ones. In this study, eye movements, pupil changes and handwriting dynamics were examined during subjects’ attempts at simulating two model signatures of different complexities. We found that subjects made significantly more fixations with greater durations on both the model signatures compared to the simulation attempts. Between complexities, fixations made on the high complexity model signature were of greater duration. Interestingly, the duration of fixations made on either of the simulated signatures was not different between complexity conditions. Subjects were also asked to select which of the signatures would be harder to simulate.

During the pre-simulation phase, the majority of subjects selected the high complexity signature. However, only a few retained this view post-simulation attempt, and more fixations were made on the model signature which subjects opined was easier to simulate compared to the one they deemed more difficult. Finally, pupil dilation was found to be greater during the simulation attempts of the lower complexity model signature. Findings from this study suggest the complexity class.

Forensic Handwriting Examiners’ Skill in Detecting Disguise Behaviour from Handwritten Text Samples

Carolyne Bird, Bryan Found and Douglas K. Rogers ……………………..15

Abstract: This study investigates the skill of Forensic Handwriting Examiners (FHEs) at discriminating between disguised and naturally written handwritten text samples. Two hundred individual handwritten samples were each provided to an FHE and lay group for comparative analysis. Comparison of the FHE and lay group results showed no significant difference with respect to their skills at determining whether samples were the product of natural or disguise behaviour. However, within-group analysis of opinions shows a difference in the correct rate for natural versus disguised writing samples (FHEs: 65.1% compared to 29.9%; laypeople: 65.7% compared to 45.6%).

Natural handwriting behaviours appear significantly easier for subjects to correctly identify than disguised writing behaviours. Ninety percent of those samples that showed high (≥70%) error rates were disguised handwriting samples. Inspection of high error disguised samples revealed that these bore a strong resemblance to the writer’s natural writing behaviour. This indicates that the disguise strategies employed by these writers were so subtle or inadequate that the predictors of disguise were not clear to either the FHEs or lay group. In terms of casework methodology, the errors for disguised samples reported here would not result in erroneous authorship opinions.

Automatic Signature Verification: In-Depth Investigation of Novel Features and Different Models

Marcus Liwicki ………………………………………………. 25

Abstract: With the growing number of digital pen-input devices used for signature acquisition, forensic handwriting examiners (FHEs) will continue to face a greater number of online signatures in their case work. As a result, the work of scientists in pattern recognition (PR) and the need for automation in the FDEs’ casework are beginning to merge. Traditionally, the task of the FDE has been to work with offline signatures that consist of the static trace. The dynamic features of the static trace can only be deduced from the static features, resulting in subjectivity on the part of the FHE. However, with online signatures, additional features such as sequence of strokes, speed, pressure, azimuth and elevation (see list of terms at the conclusion of the paper), can be precisely measured.

For the past decade, scientists in PR have been exploring ways to build accurate automated signature systems to see if these systems will provide reliable results when identifying signatures. To begin working more closely with FHEs, a competition of automatic systems on data collected by FHEs has been held in 2009 to test the reliability of automatic signature comparison systems1. As a follow-up, a workshop was initiated in 2011 with both scientists in PR and FHEs discussing their research and daily case work respectively2. The focus in this paper, however, is on the latest experiments in automated signature identification with the 2009 data. These experiments include a novel set of features, the use of Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) and hidden Markov models (HMMs) as classifiers, and several system parameters. In previous experiments, only one reference or comparison signature was used. In the current experiments, several references signatures were used to compare to the questioned signature. Even though this paper focuses on online data, for the purpose of completeness, information about offline data processing will be provided as well.

Model Approach to DTW Signature Verification Using Error Signals
Joanna Putz-Leszczynska and Andrzej Pacut
Joanna Putz-Leszczynska and Andrzej Pacut ……………………………………………………… 41

Abstract: Traditional use of Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) methods for signature verification consists of forming a dissimilarity measure between the questioned signature and a set of template signatures. Replacing the template signatures with a hidden signature opens a number of new possibilities for signature analysis. A hidden signature is one that is created based on averaging the measurements of a group or set of signatures.

The authors in this paper use the statistical properties of a hidden signature to construct the dissimilarity measure. This approach was tested on the MCYT database using both genuine signatures and skilled forgeries. The results obtained for various combinations of warping spaces and dissimilarity measures show that this method is efficient to verify digitized signatures used for commercial purposes. An appendix and glossary of terms are included at the conclusion of the paper

II-Pilot Study

Inferring Relative Speed of Handwriting from the Static Trace
Emily J. Will ……………………………………………………… 55

Abstract: The goals of this study were to determine whether FDEs can correctly infer relative speed from the static trace, and whether traditional factors used by FDEs to do this can be validated. One writer wrote the word “thinking” on a graphics tablet twenty times at varying speeds. The writing was recorded by an inking pen at a sampling rate of 100 Hz. Duration was measured using MovAlyzeR® software. Words were paired and high resolution scans of these pairs were presented to participants who were asked to select the faster writing of each pair and to list the factors used to make decisions. Guessing was discouraged.

Results showed that FDEs can make correct inferences of relative speed of handwriting from the static trace. Factors most often relied upon to indicate speed were good line quality, rounded (not angular) shapes, simplification, illegibility, right trend (writing movement from left to right, found in all European scripts) and tapered (not blunt) beginning and ending strokes. Results also showed that a small group of non-FDEs scored well, which led to further study of the ability of non-FDEs to do the task. The non-FDE group (Group 2) showed the same skill in selecting the faster of two writings of the same word by the same person, but recorded fewer inconclusive answers and more incorrect calls than the FDEs (Group 1). Non-FDEs reported similar decision factors but were more inconsistent in applying those factors.

III-Book Review

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. The cost will be $0.
The Neuroscience of Handwriting ……………………………………………………… 65
Authored by Michael P. Caligiuri, PhD and Linton A. Mohammed, MFS, this book is an attempt to integrate the fields of motor control, neuroscience, kinematics and robotics, with a focus on applications in forensic document examination.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 21, 2011

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS


Exploiting Interface Mechanisims in the Assessment of Forensic Document Examination Methodologies for Signatures
Richard M. Guest, Michael C. Fairhurst, Marjory Abreu, and Tristan A. Linnell ………………………………………………… 5

Abstract: Forensic Document Examiners (FDEs) use a variety of techniques to assess the production of handwriting. In this paper we address two interrelated issues concerning the way in which information can be inferred from analysis of the handwritten signature. First, we explore the accuracy of professional FDEs in the assessment of a signature’s authenticity and establish common methods for the inference of constructional aspects of signature production, with a goal of assigning performance metrics to the process. Building upon the work of a number of proficiency test studies on FDE techniques we go beyond assessing the accuracy of the FDEs’ authenticity decisions by looking at a lower level of detail from the examiners’ notes, verifying the ability to infer pen movement and dynamics from signature images. Our study shows both that professional examiners produce a more detailed and accurate analysis in comparison to non-experts and that inferred dynamic information is central to overall outcome of the process. We also explore a number of indicators of the accuracy of analysis within categories of inferred dynamics. Second, we present some results which show how higher level information (for example, about age or gender of the writer) can be inferred from the signature, this time using automated techniques, but still beginning from the signature image.


Quantitative Assessment of Handwriting Evidence: The Value of the Shape of the Letter “a”
Raymond Marquis, Silvia Bozza, Matthiew Schmittbuyl, and Franco Taroni ……………………..17

Abstract: To provide a quantitative support to the handwriting evidence evaluation, a new method was developed through the computation of a likelihood ratio based on a Bayesian approach. In the present paper, the methodology is briefly described and applied to data collected within a simulated case of a threatening letter. Fourier descriptors are used to characterise the shape of loops of handwritten characters “a” of the threatening letter and: 1) reference characters “a” of the true writer of the threatening letter, and then 2) with characters “a” of a writer who did not write the threatening letter. The findings support that the probabilistic methodology correctly supports either the hypothesis of authorship or the alternative hypothesis. Further developments will enable the handwriting examiner to use this methodology as a helpful assistance to assess the strength of evidence in handwriting casework.


Disguising Writer’s Identification: An Experimental Study
Angelo Marcelli, Marco Rendina, and Claudio De Stefano ………………………………………………. 23

Abstract: The paper reports an experimental study aimed at evaluating the potential of pattern recognition techniques when establishing the authorship of documents in case of disguising writers. The experimental work has been motivated by a conjecture about the role played by different cognitive processes involved in the production of handwriting, either genuine or disguised, on the shape of the handwritten specimen. This study has been carried out in the most general case when no assumptions can be made on both the number of writers and the number of documents, genuine or disguised, produced by each writer. The experimental results on a set of documents provide an assessment of the performance of the proposed method and allow evaluating the extent to which they support the underlying conjecture.


Analysis of Signature Complexity
Linda C. Alewijnse, C. Elisa van den Heuvel, and Reinoud D. Stoel ……………………………………………….. 37

Abstract: An important aspect of the forensic handwriting comparison process is the expert’s notion of signature complexity, since it is related to the degree of difficulty with which a signature can be simulated. Found and Rogers (1995) introduced the complexity theory that predicts that as the complexity of a signature increases, the potential for a correct opinion increases. They introduced a classification model, using the objective measures of turning point and line intersections, to quantify complexity. The aims of the current study are (1) to test the classification model with new data, (2) to validate the theoretical relationship, and (3) to to further conceptualize the complexity theory. Four forensic handwriting experts were asked to judge the complexity of 100 signatures on a continuous scale. The four FHEs established signature complexity scores that were in 67% of the time in agreement. The proposed relationships with the dataset were also confirmed. Furthermore, subsequent linear progression analysis on the data could predict 69 percent of the perceived complexity. The findings of this study provide support for the use of complexity in interpreting observed similarities and differences between signatures. This might offer a straightforward and less subjective approach for contemporary forensic handwriting practice.


Effects of Different Postural Conditions on Handwriting Variability
Emmanuelle Sciacca, Barie-Blanche Langlois-Peter, Pierre Margot, and Jean-Luc Velay
……………………………………………… 51

Abstract: During their career, forensic document examiners will inevitably be confronted with handwriting carried out under unusual conditions (UnC). A questioned document signed on top of a car or on a vertical surface like a wall are two examples. These atypical circumstances may give rise to more variability of the signatures or written words, in particular if the body was in non-traditional writing position without the traditional support. Few studies were devoted to handwriting variability under unusual writing conditions. The current study investigates whether individual variability changes with special writing conditions. In a previous study (Sciacca & al., 2009), we found that eight repetitions were sufficient to obtain a correct estimation of the variance. In the present study, twelve subjects were asked to write two word sets eight times in upper and eight times in lower case, under different conditions; sitting and writing on a horizontal (usual condition UC) or vertical support; and standing, kneeling or laying while writng on a horizontal or vertical support (unusual conditions UnC). Words were written on a pen tablet, normalized in space and time and then averaged. The variance of the eight words was measured under all conditions, Results showed only an increase in variability under the laying and kneeling/vertical UnC. Within the five other postural conditions tested, handwriting was shown to be very stable.


BOOK REVIEW/COMMENTARY

Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents, Second Edition, Revisited……………………..61

Abstract: With the challenges presented in the forensic sciences resulting from the National Academy of Sciences report: “Strengthening the Forensic Sciences in the United States: A Path Forward,” it is now more important than ever to assure that forensic science publications meet the highest standards to promote confidence in the forensic disciplines that serve the criminal and civil justice systems. The reviewers revisited the Second Edition to determine whether this book is scientifically grounded, accurate, and represents best practices in the field, and can, therefore, be considered a solid reference for practicing document examiners, trainees, and legal professionals.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 20, 2010

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS


Printing Process Identification: A Microscopical Atlas
Joseph G. Barabe ………………………………………………… 5

Abstract: Handwriting verification casework often involves comparing the writing in a questioned document with samples of known writing. This paper describes the use of CEDAR-FOX, a software tool for questioned document examination, in a case involving extended writing. The different steps involved from scanning the documents to obtaining a nine-point qualitative measure are described. The various algorithms used, along with a demonstration of its functionalities on the case are also described. The paper serves two purposes; a guide to using a state-of-the-art software system for quantitative analysis of handwriting, and an introduction to the science and technology of the software.


Progress in Digital Microscopy – A Technical Review of the Miscope Digital Microscope
Emily J. Will ……………………..39

Abstract: The most important tool for the forensic document examiner has been, is, and probably always will be, the optical stereomicroscope. But in this age of digital technology, digital microscopes abound in the marketplace. Can they be useful to the document examiner? What place should they have in the document examiner’s toolbox? Are they a tool, or merely a toy? Can a digital microscope replace an optical microscope? These are some of the questions to be addressed in this review of the MiScope digital microscope.


The Music-Calligraphy of Johann Sebastian and Anna Magdalena Bach
Martin W. B. Jarvis ………………………………………………. 49

Abstract: J.R. Calvert (1980) in a paper titled, “The Identifi cation of Hand-Printed Music Scores,” published in the Journal of Forensic Sciences states: “…It is my contention that, like any written language, hand-produced musical scores, both the initial and the notator’s [sic] work can be examined and compared, and identifi cation made as to who authored the score.” Calvert presents material (i.e. examples of music notation written by “a composer” and “a professional notator”) to support his argument, and concludes: “…if one has original questioned material and ample exemplars and compares the two, as in any other document case, an identifi cation can be made.” This paper applies the principles outlined in Calvert’s paper to the music-calligraphy (music-notation) in various manuscripts from the 18th Century to test Calvert’s hypothesis that identifi cation can be made in the case of Johann Sebastian Bach and his wife Anna Magdalena.


Commentary


The NAS Report: Implications for Forensic Document Examiners
Heidi H. Harralson ……………………………………………………… 63

Abstract: The National Academy of Science (NAS) was commissioned by Congress in 2005 to investigate the forensic sciences. In 2009, the NAS published its report titled, “Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward.” The report made thirteen recommendations including establishing a National Institute of Forensic Sciences to oversee the forensic science community. The NAS committee included handwriting examination as part of an experience-based method of pattern recognition and recognized the need for greater research in this area. The following Commentary focuses and comments on the NAS recommendations that directly relate to the forensic document examination community


Case Study


Using Lab Color Mode in Adobe Photoshop® to Differentiate Between Black Ballpoint Pen Inks
Barbara Downer ……………………………………………………… 71

Abstract: Advances in computers, software and digital equipment has given rise to the development of new nondestructive methods for testing inks. This case study validates one such method using Lab Color Mode in Adobe Photoshop.®


However, in the case of electronic signatures the potential for applying forensic handwriting examination skills remains. If it is possible to get the graphical representation from the vector data, then taking request standards on digital pads might assist in determining the authenticity of an electronic signature. Becoming familiar with the present technology of electronic signatures (software and hardware) will help the forensic document examiner in assessing a case regarding digital and electronic signatures.



IV-Book Review

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. The cost will be $0.

The Office Copying Revolution History, Identification and Preservation
by Ian Betterham – Reviewed by John Gorajczyk ……………………………………………… 75

The Office Copying Revolution is the first comprehensive book on copying processes that is useful for the Forensic Document Examiner. An invaluable reference, the book covers the history, the characteristics of each process, the date of inception and how to preserve the copies. The book is well illustrated with examples of the copying processes.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 19, 2008

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS



The Range of Handwriting Variability Under Different Writing Conditions
Emmanuelle Sciacca, Marie-Blanche Langlois-Peters, JeanClaude Gilhodes, Pierre Margot, Jean-Luc Velay ………………………………………………… 5

Abstract: Handwriting is characterized by a certain intrinsic variability. However, this within-subject variability (WSV) requires quantification. Under usual conditions (UC), the WSV is likely low compared to the between subject variability (BSV), thus requiring a small number of samples in order to determine the identity of the writer. However, the WSV may be greater under unusual conditions (UnC), for instance in an uncomfortable position, thereby reaching values closer to BSV. This would require the examination of a greater number of samples. Here we aimed to investigate whether individual variability changes with writing conditions and measure the number of samples required to identify a particular writer.

Twelve subjects were asked to write two word sets 32 times in upper and 32 times in lower case, under two different conditions: sitting on a chair and writing on a table (UC) and kneeling and writing on the floor (UnC). Words were written on a pen tablet, normalized in space and time and then averaged. We then measured the variance from sample 2 to sample 32 under both conditions, as well as the number of samples necessary to reach a stable value corresponding to the correct variance. Results showed only a slight increase in WSV under UnC. Under both conditions, the variability was correctly assessed with 8 to 10 writing samples. The value of BSV was twice that of WSV for lowercase wheras for uppercase letters the BSV/WSV ratio was equal to 1.


Alcohol Consumption, Dependence and Spatial Characteristics of Handwriting
James G. Phillips, Rowan P. Ogeil, Doug Rogers ……………………..15

Abstract: Alcohol abuse can complicate an evaluation of handwriting for forensic document examiners. A number of characteristics have been reported to change with alcohol consumption (e.g. spacing, alignment, character height, word length). Twenty participants were asked to write a standard letter before and after consumption of a dose of vodka and orange juice that produced a peak blood alcohol concentration of 0.051%. Analysis of spacing, word lengths and heights and individual stroke lengths and slopes suggested that there can be differences in word height and width, but these effects may be reduced in people who are alcohol dependent.


The Effect of Sleep Deprivation on the Spatial Characteristics
Russell Conduit ………………………………………………. 29

Abstract: Despite several lines of research suggesting psychomotor impairment during sleep deprivation, no studies to date have shown significant changes in the quality of handwriting under sleep deprivation. 32 participants were asked to complete a 15 minute writing task involving repetitive writing of words, letters and their signature, along with a standard letter.

This task was done after 24 hours of sleep deprivation and after a normal night’s sleep, spaced one week apart with the order counterbalanced across participants. Sleep deprivation was associated with statistically significant increases in the amount of space used when writing. Although consistent with broader studies showing a decline in motor function during sleep deprivation, these results were not consistent with a small group of previous studies of handwriting during sleep deprivation, This may be due to task differences or possibly issues related to methodology. It was concluded that sleep deprivation induced increases in writing space may be due to progressive disturbances in cortical and subcortical motor and attention networks.


Comparison of Handwriting Kinematics in Movement Disorders and Forgery
Heidi H. Harralson, Hans-Leo Teulings, Becky G. Farley ……………………………………………………… 41

Abstract:Little empirical research exists on differential identification of handwriting distortion caused by the writer’s movement disorder and forgeries of such a movement disorder. In this study, 12 participants forged handwriting produced by a healthy writer, a writer with clinically diagnosed essential tremor (ET), and a writer with clinically diagnosed Parkinson’s disease (PD). The handwritings were recorded on a digitizing tablet using NeuroScript MovAlyzeR software. Total duration, total absolute size, average absolute velocity, and average pen pressure were estimated per writing trial. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests (t-test, Tukey’s HSD) showed significant differences between experimental subjects’ normal writing and their forgery of three models (healthy, ET, PD) in the movement domain (duration, velocity). When comparing subects’ forgery tasks with each of the models, significant differences were found in duration and velocity. In addition, frequency spectrum analysis showed smaller components at lower frequencies when performing forgeries in comparison to genuine writings. Findings support kinematic differences between writing by persons with movement disorders and writing by persons forging movement disorders.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 18, 2007

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS

I-Research

Questioned Document Examination Using CEDAR-FOX
Sargur N. Srihari, Harish Srinivasan, Kartik Desai ………………………………………………… 1

Abstract: Handwriting verification casework often involves comparing the writing in a questioned document with samples of known writing. This paper describes the use of CEDAR-FOX, a software tool for questioned document examination, in a case involving extended writing. The different steps involved from scanning the documents to obtaining a nine-point qualitative measure are described. The various algorithms used, along with a demonstration of its functionalities on the case are also described. The paper serves two purposes; a guide to using a state-of-the-art software system for quantitative anlaysis of handwriting, and an introduction to the science and technology of the software.


The Relationship Between Quantitatively Modelled Signature Complexity Level and Forensic Document Examiners’ Qualitative Opinions on Casework
Tahnee Dewhurst, Bryan Found and Doug Rogers ……………………..21

Abstract: Signature comparisons are a major component of casework routinely undertaken by forensic document examiners (FDEs). FDEs currently compare handwriting features using subjective visual comparison methods. However, new objective techniques are being developed and tested.

Previous research on signature complexity reported the development of a statistical model to predict whether a questioned (or disputed) signature contained sufficient features to express a valid authorship opinion. The predictions of the statistical model were compared to the opinions of six qualified FDEs on a sample drawn from fifty-three real casework examinations. These cases provide support for the proposition that there was no disagreement between FDEs and the model for identification opinions relating to complex signatures. To further explore the small number of low complexity signatures found in the 53 casework samples, a survey of 566 signatures was conducted. Of the signatures sampled, only 10 (1.8%) were found to be categorised by the model as low complexity signatures. These results indicate support for objective classification as an appropriate approach to further the science of forensic handwriting examination.


II-Case Study

“Rare 1972 Marilyn Monroe Oyama Photo Book” – Genuine or Fabrication?
M. Patricia Fisher, Joseph G. Barabe, Walter Rantanen ………………………………………………. 41

Abstract: A California winery that has selected a different photograph of Marilyn Monroe for each of its Marilyn Merlot releases since 1985 was named as a defendant in a copyright infringement case. The photograph at issue was one taken in 1958 by a photographer named Carl Perutz. Carl Perutz’s only son claimed that he was the rightful owner of the original photograph that the winery used to create its derivative artwork for their 2002 Marilyn Merlot bottle.

Defendant claimed that a photographer named Takashi Oyama was the actual photographer. Defendant obtained a “rare” Marilyn Monroe photo book copyrighted in 1972 that contains photographs of Marilyn Monroe and an alleged interview with Takashi Owama. The book had been auctioned on eBay seven months after the lawsuit had been filed. Plaintiff subpoenaed the photo book for examination by a forensic document examiner to determine whether the photo book was genuine and whether it had been produced in 1972.


III – Technically Speaking

What Forensic Document Examiners Should Know About Digital and Electronic Signatures
Claire R. LaVelle ……………………………………………………… 63

Abstract: Cases involving digital and electronic signatures are becoming more frequent. In the case of digital signatures, document examiners should recommend the case to a competent computer forensic examiner.


However, in the case of electronic signatures the potential for applying forensic handwriting examination skills remains. If it is possible to get the graphical representation from the vector data, then taking request standards on digital pads might assist in determining the authenticity of an electronic signature. Becoming familiar with the present technology of electronic signatures (software and hardware) will help the forensic document examiner in assessing a case regarding digital and electronic signatures.


IV-Book Review

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. The cost will be $0.

Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents, 2nd Edition
by Jan Seaman Kelly and Brian S. Lindbloom –
Reviewed by Larry S. Miller ……………………………………………… 81

When a book author passes away and another author takes up the book, the new author can generally proceed in one of two ways. The new author may simply update the original work, maintaining the writing style of the previous author. Or, the new author may elect to totally revise the organization and content essentially creating a new book. Clearly the latter has occurred with the Second Edition of Scientific Examination of Questioned Documents.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 17, 2005-2006

ISSN 0895-0849

1-Research

Handwriting Copybook Style Identification for Questioned Document Examination
Sung-Hyuk Cha, Sungsoo Yoon, and Charles C. Tappert ………………………………………………… 1

Abstract: Handwriting originates from a particular copybook style such as Palmer or Zaner-Bloser that one learns in childhood. Since questioned document examination plays an important investigative and forensic role in many types of crime, it is important to develop a system that helps objectively identify a questioned documents handwriting style. Here, we
propose a computer vision system that can assist a document examiner in the identification of a writer’s handwriting style and therefore the origin or nationality of an unknown writer of a questioned document. We collected 33 English alphabet copybook styles from 18 countries. Each character in a questioned document is segmented and matched against all of the
33 handwriting copybook styles. The more characters present in the questioned document, the higher the accuracy observed.


Experimental Analysis of Variation and Individuality of Japanese Handwriting
Katsuhiko Ueda and Kenichi Matsuo ……………………..15

Abstract: Handwriting analysis to determine the writer such as handwriting examination, writer verification and writer identification plays an important role in forensic document examination. This is based on a hypothesis that handwriting is individualistic. However the individuality of Japanese handwriting has not been established with scientific and quantitative rigor. Therefore its admissibility as forensic evidence can be questioned. Our objective is to make a contribution towards the scientific validation of individuality of Japanese handwriting. In this paper we propose a method of validating handwriting individuality using variation entropy and a writer verification. As an experimental result, when both the variation entropy of
the within-writer and the ratio of the variation entropy of the within-writer to that of the between-writer were small, the accuracy of writer verification result was higher. Through the experiments, we found support that handwriting individuality can be validated by this analysis technique.


An Introduction to Gel Inks: History and Analysis
Darlene C. Florence, Heidi H. Harralson, and Joseph G. Barabe ………………………………………………. 33

Abstract: With the increasing use and variety of gel pens on the market, forensic document examiners may encounter problems identifying gel pens from other common pen types. This study discusses the initial findings of an investigation into the history, technology, and properties of gel pens. Microscopical (visual) and chemical methods were also evaluated as ways to characterize and identify gel inks. The results of the study demonstrate that the presence of a gel ink can often be determined, but that some gel inks resemble other types of pens, especially roller balls, upon visual examination. Further, chromatographic methods used to characterize traditional dye-based inks may be less useful with gel inks; for these, other spectrometric
methods including Raman spectroscopy and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS) were evaluated and proved useful.


An Examination of Tremor and Distortion Caused by Extrinsic Handwriting Conditions
Larry S. Miller and Heidi H. Harralson ……………….. 65

Abstract: This study represents a statistical analysis evaluating handwriting tremor and distortion caused by writing surface conditions. Over 100 subjects wrote
mock signatures on a smooth surface and a variety of irregular surfaces. The subjects also simulated a genuine signature and imitated a tremulous signature.
The results were evaluated using a clinical tremor scale. The results showed that tremor from health-related factors and simulation can be distinguished
from writing on certain irregular writing surfaces.


II – Technically Speaking

Wake Up to the Wacom™ Tablet
Emily J. “Will ……………………………………………………… 83

Abstract: Forensic Document Examiners (FDEs) use traditional optical and measurement tools to assist in their work. Now, motor control science studies have developed new tools that can bring an entirely new dimension to the knowledge base of the FDE. These tools can assist FDEs to better analyze information about individualizing movements made by the hand/arm of the writer when producing the writing. Currently, FDEs look at the static writing and form opinions about the dynamic process of the writing such as movement, rhythm,
fluency and speed. The FDE never sees the questioned handwriting being produced. The technology that is helping both scientists in motor control
and FOEs is in the form of the Wacom™ graphics tablet, combined with MovAlyzeR3 software application from Neuroscript. The Wacom™ Tablet and software are a powerful tools that allow FDEs to study in real time, the relationship of the dynamic movement to the resulting writing.


III- Commentary

Forensic Document Examination: Guidelines for Evaluating Credentials
Vickie L. Willard ……………………………………………… 91

It can be challenging to find the right expert when you need a handwriting expert/document examiner. Where do you look and what criteria do you use to determine which person has the
expertise, competency and experience that will help you to solve your document problem? Experts advertise on various internet sites, in local and state bar journals, professional association directories, telephone directories, and many other places, but your best source is a referral from another satisfied attorney or one who has had the
opportunity to cross examine the expert in trial. If you locate yourexpert through the sites where experts advertise, however, how do you evaluate their credentials?


IV-Book Review

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. The cost will be $0.

Bate’s ISQD, Second Edition
Gary Herbertson ……………………………………………… 99

Garland D. Lewis has written a book which has just been published by Charles C. Thomas. The title is “Bates’ ISQD” and is labeled “Second Edition.” This made me curious as to who was
Bates, and why is Lewis writing about Bates’ Identification System for Questioned Documents (ISQD).”

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 16, Fall 2004

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS
From the Editor ………………………………………………………………………..v

I Empirical Research

Handwriting Identification using Multi-Scale Features
Bin Zhang and Sargur N. Srihari …………………………………. 1

Abstract: In this paper we present an effective methodology for handwriting identification using multi-scale features. Features from the entire document, as well as from lines, words and characters, are simultaneously extracted to characterize the idiosyncrasies of the writing. Simple k-nearest neighbor and Naive Bayes classifiers are employed for the two sub-tasks in handwriting identification of writer identification and verification. Not only does the proposed methodology show superior performance over a very large handwriting database, but the quantitative measurement of writer discriminability of individual features and their combinations of interest also provide scientific guidance for selecting the most-discriminative writing elements in the examination of forensic documents.

Quantitative Letter-level Extraction and Analysis of Features used by Document Examiners
Graham Leedham,Vladimir Pervouchine, and Wei Kei Tan ……………………… 21

Abstract: In this paper we present a study of some of the structural\ features of handwriting. We have extracted automatically between 6 and 10 different features from 3 letters and 1 grapheme (“d”, “y”, “f’, and “th”), with average accuracy of 87%. This study was carried out on a total of 15421 letter and 5350 grapheme samples extracted from words written by 200 different writers. We also present a direct analysis of the usefulness of the feature. A measure of usefulness specific to handwriting examination was designed and the usefulness of the features was estimated. We also illustrate the advantage of using several letters to detect authorship, and the advantage of using graphemes over single letters.

A Computer-based System to Support Forensic Analysis of Japanese Handwriting
Katsuhiko Ueda, Ken’ichi Matsuo and Yoshikazu Nakamura …………………… 41

Abstract: In this paper we propose a computer-based system to support forensic analysis of Japanese handwriting. This system consists of two major processing modules; (1) a handwriting comparison chart preparation module and (2) a handwriting feature extraction module. To make a direct comparison easier, the chart preparation module extracts individual handwritings from unknown and known documents and displays corresponding handwritings belonging to the same character category. The feature extraction module extracts features that are effective in identifying the writer from scanned images of handwriting. Extracted features of handwriting include stroke structures such as length ratio of strokes and crossing angles between two strokes. These are the most important features that document examiners have used to examine Japanese handwritings. The experiments confirmed that the chart preparation module is faster and more effective in preparing charts than the traditional manual method, and that the objective measured features sufficiently represent the individuality of handwriting.

Writer Identification and Verification: Two Complementary Approaches for the Quantitative Analysis of Handwritten Documents
Ameur Bensejia, Thierry Paquet, and Laurent Heutte ……………………………. 57

Abstract: In this paper we apply an Information Retrieval model to the task of writer identification. A set of local features is defined by clustering the graphemes produced by a segmentation procedure. A textual-based Information Retrieval model is then applied. After a first indexing step, this model no longer requires image access to the database to respond to a specific query, thus making the process particularly effective. Image queries are handwritten documents projected in the feature space prior to the retrieval of the suitable responses. This approach has achieved 95% correct identification on 88 writers (PSI Database), and 86% on 150 writers (JAM Database). The writer hypotheses that were retrieved were then analyzed during a verification phase. We called upon a mutual information criterion to verify whether or not two documents may have been produced by the same writer. Hypothesis testing was used for this purpose. The method was first scaled on the PSI Data-base and then evaluated on the JAM Database. On both databases, similar performances of nearly 96% correct verifications were reported, thus making the approach general and very promising for large-scale applications in the domain of questioned handwritten documents and writer verification.

A Quantitative Analysis of the Spatial Properties of Questioned Signatures and the Relationship to Forensic Document Examiners’ Opinions
Jodi C. Sita, Bryan Found, and Doug Rogers ………………………………….. 77

Abstract: The spatial comparison of signatures is a common component of the casework carried out by forensic document examiners (FDEs). This comparison is still largely undertaken using subbjective visual comparison techniques. This paper investigates the use of an objective measurement program, Matrix Analysis, in determining the spatial consistency with specimen signatures of 150 questioned signatures that were a mixture of genuine and simulated signatures. The analysis found a significantly greater mean spatial consistency score for the genuine signatures than for the simulated signatures. In addition, the study compared the spatial scores with the opinions of a group of 17 FDEs as to whether the questioned signatures were genuine or simulated. The results showed that FDEs expressed more correct opinions for questioned signatures that received higher spatial consistency scores from the Matrix Analysis program than for signatures receiving lower spatial consistency scores. The results provide evidence that the Matrix Analysis program could be of benefit to FDEs in signature examinations as an objective measurement tool for spatial comparison purposes.

A Preliminary Model Using Quantitative Data for Forensic Signature Identification
Jodi C. Sita, Bryan Found, and Doug Rogers …………………………………………………….. 91

Abstract: Forensic document examiners (FDEs) currently compare handwriting features using subjective methods; however, new, more objective techniques are being developed and tested. In this paper we combined two of these objective techniques, Matrix Analysis and Complexity Classification, with a subjective measure of line quality to develop a decision-making model for forensic signature comparisons. The model’s predictions for 150 questioned signatures were compared to the opinions of a group of 17 FDEs from Australian and New Zealand government forensic aboratories. The results showed that the model’s predictions compared favorably with the FDEs’ opinions and suggest that the model has the potential for application to forensic casework,and that further investigation into the incorporation of such techniques into a model framework is warranted.

The WANDA Measurement Tool for Forensic Document Examination
Merijn van Erp, Louis Vuurpijl, Katrin Franke, and Lambert Schomaker …………………….. 103

Abstract: This paper introduces the WANDA Measurement tool (WAM) for forensic document examination. The WAM is an essential component of WANDA, a workbench that supports the user in the complete task flow of processing documents, measuring characteristic features in handwritten documents, and writer search. By using technologies like plug-ins, XML, and client/server modularity, a system was created that is easy to maintain, portable, and highly adaptable. Within WANDA, the WAM is the tool for interactively measuring handwriting features. The W AM was developed based on recommendations from a comparison study between two forensic writer identification systems, Script and FISH. It incorporates nine measurements identical to those of FISH, and a new allograph measurement that is discussed in this paper. Furthermore, its intuitive new user-interface reduces the steep learning curve and streamlines the working process. A comparison of features previously measured by forensic experts using FISH, with measurements obtained through WANDA, assessed the precision of the WAM. It has shown that the small deviations yielded fall well within the possible imprecision caused by scanning or preprocessing operations, and far below the standard deviation of FISH measurements. Finally, results from usability tests with expert and novice users show that the WAM is easy to use.

Robotic Writing Trace Synthesis and its Application in the Study of Signature Line Quality
Katrin Franke and Lambert Schomaker ………………………………………….. 119

Abstract: For a fairly long time it has been believed that computer-controlled machines as plotters are able to produce writing traces on paper that are difficult to identify as technical reproductions. To date, however, the procedures used could not be adequately illustrated. In this paper we outline a method for the robotic simulation of human handwriting that uses an electronic tablet-pen to capture human writing movements and then replay them afterwards. For the data-replay, a highly accurate 3-axis CNC-machine is used. This robot is able to simulate pen displacements, as well as natural pen tip forces, pen lifts and landings. Moreover, it contains a penholder that allows for “writing” with variable writing instruments including ballpoint, fine line, or felt tip pens. We describe the experimental setup and present examples of artificially produced signature specimens on paper. In addition, we provide the first results of our studies on ink deposits and fine stroke details. We can illustrate that comparable writing movements lead to comparable stroke phenomena for the same class of writing instruments. The results contribute to a better understanding of the relationship between writing movements, pen properties and the resulting line quality on paper. Moreover, our findings prove the feasibility of employing synthesized handwriting samples in forensic science training and daily casework. In addition to the benefits, the potential risks of the availability of such robot technology are discussed.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 15, Fall 2003

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS
From the Editor ………………………………………………………………………..v

I Empirical Research

A comparison of the Arabic numerals one through nine, written by adults from native English-speaking vs. non-native English-speaking countries
Marvin L. Simner, Angelo Marcelli, Sergey Ablameyko, Klaus W. Lange, Jairo Rocha, Oliver Tucha, and Katsuhiko Ueda …………………………………………………… 1

Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the hypothesis that when Arabic numerals appear on a questioned document such as a check or passport application, it may be possible to determine if the document was written by a foreign author. In line with the hypothesis, the evidence revealed reliable differences among certain numerical allographs produced by adults from Belarus, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan and Spain. On the other hand, the evidence also suggests the need for caution when using copybook information to make this determination.

The frequency of the occurrence of handwriting performance features used to predict whether questioned signatures are simulated
David Black, Bryan Found,’ and Doug Rogers … ……. … .… … ... …. ….. .… … ……….. ..... ... ….. 17

Abstract: Forensic Document Examiners (FDEs) examine the physical morphology and performance attributes of a line trace when comparing questioned to specimen handwriting samples for the purpose o f determining authorship. Along with spatial features, the elements of execution of the handwriting are thought to provide information as to whether or not a questioned sample is the product of a disguise or simulation process. Line features such as tremor, pen-lifts, blunt beginning and terminating strokes, indicators of relative speed, splicing and touch ups, are subjectively assessed and used in comparisons by FDEs and can contribute to the formation o f an opinion as to the validity of a questioned sample of handwriting or signatures. In spite of the routine use of features such as these, there is little information available regarding the relative frequency o f occurrence o f these features in populations of disguised and simulated samples when compared to a large population o f a single individual’s signature. This study describes a survey o f the occurrence o f these features in 46 disguised signatures, 620 simulated signatures (produced by 31 different amateur.forgers) and 177 genuine signatures. It was found that the presence o f splices and touch-ups were particularly good predictors of the simulation process and that all line quality parameters were potentially useful contributors in the determination of the authenticity of questioned signatures.

II Papers
Raman Analysis in Document Examination
Kenneth J. Smith......……………………....…..…..….……….…….29

Abstract: Analysis of questioned documents can often be aided by chemical characterization of the ink or toner on the document. In cases where there is little visual difference between reference and questioned areas, Raman analysis can provide chemical information about the pigments and resins which may show similarities or differences in printing materials on the documents.


An introduction to ink analysis and characterization
Joseph G. Barabe, Kenneth J. Smith, and Darlene Florence……….......………….………….…..…...…….....49

The earliest inks were carbon-based lamp black, usually soot from burnt wood or oil, dispersed in water combined with a binding medium, generally gelatinous glue or a gum. At roughly the beginning of the seventh century CE4, iron gall inks were invented. These inks had the advantage of uniting intimately with the writing substrate and forming, in time, a very deep black. In contrast, the carbon lamp black inks always rested on the surface of the paper or parchment fibers and thus could be easily scraped off, which is an undesirable characteristic for serious record keeping. Although several other materials such as sepia, made from the ink sac of the cuttlefish, and logwood, a plant dye, enjoyed limited usage as inks throughout history, iron gall inks were dominant in the western world until the middle of the twentieth century; they remain a small but important part of the market today.

Since its invention and introduction into American life in 1945, the ballpoint pen and its more recent offshoots, roller-ball and gel pens, have overwhelmingly dominated handwriting usage. Various kinds of fiber-tipped pens also have a significant following, however, mostly for use as marking pens, but also for writing. Finally, fountain pen enthusiasts have elevated the use of this writing instrument to almost cult status, and many of the inks in use are highly individualistic mixtures.


III Practical Applications
Business basics-questions and answers
Allan R. Keown …...…73

As I bask in the twilight of my career and reflect upon the thirty-plus years in this profession that I have so enjoyed, I have observed that because of my experience in the business world before becoming a document examiner I have been asked the same questions over and over again about the business aspects of our profession. I would like to answer these questions and share some of the business practices that have al- lowed me to both serve the legal and business community, and at the same time succeed as a sole proprietor in the business of document examination. Included here are some of the most common problems or situations that document examiners have asked me about. Although the answers to some of these questions may appear obvious, they may prove helpful to the novice who encounters one or more of these situations for the first time, or even to the seasoned examiner who has not been faced with some of these problems before.

Questions I have been asked about ethical situations are also included, as well as questions relating to those gray areas in examiner/attorney relations that are not referred to in the texts, that can prove difficult to deal with when first encountered. While I recognize that there may be different responses to these questions, the answers included be- low have worked for me and may work for you as well.


IV Book Review

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. The cost will be $0.

Document Examination on the Computer
Gary Herbertson ………………………………………………………. 93

This user-friendly book takes the mystery out of digital image processing and makes even the most technically challenged among us want to give it a try.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 14, Fall 2001

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS

I Empirical Investigations

Comparison of document examiners’ opinions on original and photocopied signature
Bryan Found, Doug Rogers, and Allan Herkt…………………………………………………………….. 1

Abstract: There is a lack of empirical evidence concerning document examiners’ ability to perform handwriting comparisons on photocopied writings. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of examiners’ opinions on 260 original questioned signatures and on the same signatures that had been photocopied. Six of the examiners from the Document Examination Section of the New Zealand Police· participated in the study, which comprised two trials. Each trial was constructed ac- cording to the accepted process of comparing a group of known (specimen) signatures with a group of questioned signatures where the writer was known to the experimenters but not to the document examiners. One trial contained originals of the specimen and questioned signatures and the other comprised photocopies of the same specimen and questioned signatures. No errors regarding authorship were made for original or photocopied signatures, and there were no instances where an identification/elimination opinion was reversed between a photocopy and its original. Only 2.3% of opinions relating to an original signature differed in any way from that offered for its photocopy. The high correct rates for questioned genuine signatures were similar for original (100%) and photocopied signatures (98%). The correct opinion rate regarding the process of production of original and photocopied, simulated, questioned signatures combined was 99.7%. The results provide evidence that examiners are able to make comparisons on a complex signature with the same accuracy and similar sensitivity when using either originals or photocopies.


The skill of a group of forensic document examiners in expressing handwriting and signature authorship and production process opinion
Bryan Found, Doug Rogers, and Allan Herkt…………………………………………………………….. 15

Abstract. Between March 1998 and June 2001, the six members of the New Zealand Police Document Examination Section completed six blind forensic handwriting and signature trials where the identity of the questioned writings were known by the experimenters but not by the document examiners. A total of 7494 opinions were expressed by the examiner group regarding the authorship of questioned handwriting and signature samples. Of these opinions, 2700 were correct, 11 were erroneous and 4783 were inconclusive. This translates into an overall raw error score of 0.1% of opinions, and a ‘called error’ score (one calculated by excluding the inconclusive data) of 0.4% of opinions. In addition, a total of 2982 opinions were expressed by the group on whether questioned signatures were the product of a simulation process. The group did not express any opinions that a simulated signature was the product of a genuine writing process, nor did the examiners express any opinions that a genuine signature was the product of a simulation process. Thus, for process opinions there was a zero error rate for the group. This paper overviews the individual and group opinion data associated with each of the trials. The results provide significant support to the validity and strong probative value of the skill that has been claimed by this group of examiners.



The ability to distinguish handwriting samples on the basis of writers’ age and gender
Kerrie Haines, James G. Phillips,Doug Rogers, and Bryan Found……………..31

Abstract: This study considered whether determinations could be made as to the age and gender of a person from samples of their handwriting, and if so, the nature of the cues employed. The present study considered the extent to which stylistic features (present at a greater frequency in cursive handwriting than in block printing) contributed to discrimination over and above other cues such as line quality features (present in both styles of handwriting). A standard text letter of 200 words was used to collect 40 handwriting samples differing on the basis of age and gender of the writer and handwriting style. Untrained handwriting judges consisting of 21 females and 21 males, made age and gender judgements from the handwriting samples. The results indicated that age group could be determined from handwriting by untrained handwriting judges better than gender, and that cues provided by stylistic features were important in these determinations. However, it is likely that factors such as line quality also contribute to such judgements. The results do not support practical application in forensic examinations.


II Research Case Studies

Latent images: The first impression, primary or secondary?
Leonard P. Chen, andM.Patricia Fisher ………….53

Abstract: Analyzing secondary impressions is a challenge facing forensic document examiners (FDEs). Although several studies have been conducted on developing secondary impressions, this is the first published case detailing how secondary impressions can be applied to disputed indentations found on case documents. The FDE must be able to distinguish between primary and secondary impressions to avoid making errors. The outline of procedures used in the casework the authors present can provide a format for approaching the problem.


Alteration When it alteration Finds. A Microscopical Approach to Writing Sequence Determination
Joseph Barabe………………………………………………………………….73

Abstract: Determining the order of sequence between two ball point pen writings, or ball point pen and pencil writings, can be a difficult, even exasperating, experience. While numerous techniques have been suggested for their decipherment, the first approach (and often the last) should be a careful look at the writings with sufficient magnification to see microscopic details.

The approach proposed herein was discovered through a small re- search project, which in turn was inspired by a difficult case. After creating and studying numerous exemplars, I became aware of a number of general microscopic characteristics that indicate writing sequence. Some of these characteristics have been noted in the literature, but I am not aware of the more general approach advocated in this paper. Specific reference to these contributions will be made in a future, more detailed paper on this subject. For the sake of brevity, I will present my findings as a preliminary report from an on-going, research project. As such, continuing research will surely augment and modify these conclusions.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 13, Fall 2000

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS

I Empirical Investigations

Effects of writing speed upon modes of signature simulation: A kinematic analysis
James G. Phillips, Soula Noutsis, Chris Hughes and Doug Rogers ………………………………………………………….. 1

Abstract: To better distinguish between traced and freehand signature simulations, 12 participants practiced upon a WACOM SD420 graphics tablet tracing a historical signature at Slow or Very Slow speeds, with a subsequent comparison of freehand and traced signature simulations. Kinematic analyses focused upon stroke efficiency and pressure, while computer algorithms determined variability of simulations around an original. Traced simulations had reduced spatial variability after practice. Very Slow simulations were more dysfluent, had greater spatial error and employed more pressure. Pen pressures varied more with speed during freehand reproductions. Writing speed was an important contributor to line quality and spatial correspondence during signature simulation.

The forensic detection of deceptive behaviour using handwriting movements
David Dick, Bryan Found, and Doug Rogers……………………………………………………………. 15

Abstract: In this study, a proposed technique for the detection of deception (a lie detector test) was investigated. The technique focuses on the measurement of dynamic movement parameters of a person’s handwriting, written in response to visual presentation of questions and images. Parameters of movement associated with the tick (in a check-mark box) and signature of subjects were measured using a Wacom digitizing tablet in combination with OASIS software. The data analysis involved the determination of whether handwriting motor performance differed for responses made when the subject was be ing deceptive, compared to responses made when being honest. The results for the seven subjects tested showed that signature performance differed between the honest and deceptive conditions when measures of reaction time, writing pressure, movement time, pause time and changes in acceleration were considered. Although in its developmental infancy, should further research confirm the usefulness of the test, it potentially offers forensic handwriting specialists an opportunity to extend their area of expertise.

The influence of tremor on handwriting performance under conditions of low and intermediate physical stress
M.G. Longstaff and R..A. Heath…………………………………………………………..25

Abstract. This study used a temporally sensitive technique (coherency analysis) to examine individual differences in handwriting dynamics of people with and without tremor, under conditions of low and mild physical stress. Participants with tremor maintained their axial pen pressure (APP), while those without tremor increased their pressure in conditions of mild stress. Both groups wrote at a similar speed with a small but significant increase in the stress condition. The between- trial coherency (i.e. temporal similarity) of velocity and APP profiles was greater for people without tremor. When writing in mildly stressful conditions, the coherency increased for people without tremor but tended to decrease or be maintained for people with tremor. These findings may be applied in the future to finding clues to the authenticity of documents written by people with tremor. The results are discussed in terms of the neuromotor noise theory.

The use of foreign copybook patterns to determine the country of origin of the author of a questioned document
Marvin L. Simne, and Bouwien C. M. Smits-Englesma…………………………………………………………… 45

Abstract: The purpose of this investigation was to examine a long standing principle in the field of forensic document examination, namely, that class characteristics in adult handwriting, which are thought to stem from the copybook patterns taught in school, may be useful in determining the country of origin of the author of a questioned document. Although the findings provided some support for this principle, they also revealed an important limitation with this approach to identifying the salient features in adult foreign handwriting.

II Glossary …………………………………………… 53

III Case Study
Signatures of persons with parkinsonism and hepatic encephalopathy as comparison standards
Carl E. Anderson and M. Patricia Fisher………………………………………………………….. 57

Abstract. The differences between the specific effects of parkinsonism and hepatic encephalopathy on handwriting are de scribed and illustrated based on case studies. While these effects have been well documented for parkinsonism, they have not been for HE. Recognizing the effects of the two diseases on handwriting will assist the document examiner in evaluating signatures used for comparison.

IV Technical Report
Forged and altered documents using technology standards
Bonnie L. Schwid………………………………………………………….. 65

Abstract: The field of document examination has expanded and become more sophisticated with today’s rapidly changing technology. Fraud using the Internet, desktop publishing, imaging programs, scanners, digital cameras and other electronic devices that can create or modify documents is a major concern in general, and can pose examination dilemmas. Electronic data can be recovered in some cases, and experts can assist in determining when data was accessed last. This paper introduces several current issues concerning documents produced on computers, and presents scenarios for fraud using these various technologies. It is primarily directed toward the Windows operating system, and addresses basic examination techniques as well as limitations for document examiners. It is not intended to be a treatise on all aspects of fraud involving computer altered documents, as the field is so vast and is continually evolving. It is intended to provoke thought, however, and pro mote additional articles in more depth for windows and other operating systems, such as the Mac, Unix and Linux.


V General Article
Multiple Sclerosis and its affect on handwriting
Tannis Manikel and Pat Girouard……………………………………………………….. 79

Abstract: Document examiners are frequently asked to make judgments about the authenticity of signatures and handwriting on wills, cheques, and other questioned documents. Since hand writing is an artifact of human behavior, it may be affected by neurophysiological diseases that interfere with motor function and change the appearance of the writing trace. Questioned writ ing that appears spurious when compared to standards from the same person may in fact be genuine, but altered by a disease that affects the body’s ability to maintain normal motor movements. Multiple sclerosis is a disease that can severely disturb motor function and cause dramatic changes in handwriting. This paper provides an overview of MS, focusing on the symptoms and therapies that affect handwriting. It touches on two of the complementary alternative treatments, and includes some of the drugs used in treatment that can affect handwriting, as well as examples of handwriting written before, during and after the on set of the disease.


VI Book Review

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. The cost will be $0.

The Comprehensive Forensic Services Manual
Steven Babitsky, JD; James J. Mangraviti Jr., JD; Christopher J.Todd, JD.……………………………………………………………………… 111

Abstract: This well written book contains a wealth of information for forensic examiners of all levels of expertise. Subjects are easy to locate, the discussion is easy to understand, and case law often follows. Its’ six hundred plus pages in twenty-four chapters with numerous appendices provide a one-stop reference for knowledge important in a professional practice.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 12, 1999

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS

I—Research

Documentation of Forensic Handwriting Comparison and Identification Method: A Modular Approach

Edited by Bryan Found w and Doug Rogers


1    The method flow diagram
        Bryan Found & Doug Rogers – 6

2    Specimen contamination
       Sharon Birchall, Queensland Police Service – 10

3    Comparability
        Bryan Found & Doug Rogers – 13

4    Comparison: questioned/specimen handwriting
       Bryan Found & Doug Rogers- 19

5    Non-original handwriting
        Ian Riebeling, Forensic Science, South Australia Bryan Found & Doug Rogers – 25

6    The assessment of handwriting complexity: addressing issues of authorship
       Bryan Found & Doug Rogers – 29

7    Structural and line quality inconsistencies
       Allan Herkt, David Boot & Delwynne Walsh, New Zealand Police – 37

8    Traced writings
       James Hofstee, Western Australia Police – 45

9    The simulation process
       Virginia Rowe, Australian Federal Police – 48

10    Line quality and skill
       Hermann Metz & Bryan Found, Victoria Forensic Science Centre – 53

11     Reporting procedures
        Bryan Found & Doug Rogers- 57
References – 60

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 10, 1997

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS

I Papers

Parkinson’s disease and graphic disturbances
Vickie L. Willard ………………………………………………………………………… I

Abstract: Handwriting is a cognitive and motor skill that can be affected by the physical and mental health of a writer. In Parkinson’s disease a decrease of dopamine in the substantia nigra causes a breach in the pathway that Controls voluntary movements with the result that muscles do not respond properly to commands. Consequently, graphic disturbances can be present in the writing of someone with Parkinson’s disease. This article provides an overview of Parkinson’s disease, pharmacological treatment of the disease and its effect on handwriting. Included is a chronological study of a writing spanning 23 years, from pre-diagnosis through to the final stages of writing ability.

A study of numbers, their variation and variability: a contemporary study of the variation in the construction of numbers and a comparison with two previous studies
Pat Tull …………………………………………………………. 41

Abstract: An identification of handwriting depends upon the same individual and unique characteristics being reflected in both the questioned and known writings. The same principle also applies to the identification of numbers. Numbers typically have less variation than handwriting and this makes it more difficult to find individuality, particularly when a number deviates · from the copybook standard but has been adopted by a wide population of writers. This paper compares the style variations of numbers adopted by three diverse populations of writers, as well as the frequency with which these variations are used.

Touch-ups in authentic writing
Darlene L. Hennessy MS., MA ………………………………………………………………….. 53

Abstract: Recognized texts in the field of document examination suggest that inconspicuous touch-ups (patching) in hand writing are a common defect in forgeries. This study explores the reasons behind patching, as well as some of the specific situations in which writers patch genuine writing. In addition, the location, causes, frequency of occurrences and types o f patching will be explored. This study is based on a self- reporting survey to better understand this behavior in genuine writing.


Where did this Fax come from?
Rob Silhanek …………………….. 59

Abstract: The invention of the facsimile machine, which transmits documents instantly from one place to another, has proved to be a wonderful convenience for both businesses and individuals. This convenience can also bring problems, however when questions are raised about the authenticity or even the origin of a fax. These questions have led to new areas of investigation for the document examiner. This paper explores some o f these areas and discusses tools that are available to help identify a questioned fax.

“Marks” as Signatures
Allan Keown, Vickie L. Willard ………. 73

Abstract: As the Hispanic population increases in the United States, distinctive signatures which are native to this culture may appear with greater frequency in the casework o f document examiners. This article explores the history and current use of a specific kind ofHispanic signature (firma) descriptively called a mark.

II Research:

Temporal features of handwriting: challenges for forensic analysis
Arnold J. W.M Thomassen, Gerard P. Van Galen ……………………………………………………. 85

Abstract: This paper looks at handwriting as a multi-stage motor process which develops over time and leaves its time-bound2 marks in the writing trajectory. It explains some of the time-based research methodology and points out a number of ‘dynamic1 features with potential relevance for forensic application. The final sections of the paper contain suggestions for research leading to the re-establishment of temporal features in the static trace, which could support the handwriting expert’s effort to decide on a document’s authorship and on the circumstances at the time of writing. Some of these suggestions present challenges for prolonged interdisciplinary research co-operation.


III Book Review:

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. The cost will be $0.

Testifying in Court – Guidelines and Maxims for the Expert Witness
Stanley L. Brodsky ……………………………………….. 109

Abstract: Expert witnesses interested in finding the definitive guide to preparation for testifying need look no further than Stanley L. Brodsky’s Testifying in Court – Guidelines and Maxims for the Expert Witness. Since this book grew out of his work with mental health professionals, it is only natural that some of Mr. Brodsky’s advice is directed to psychiatrists and other medical personnel. Experts in all fields, however, will benefit from his advice and strategies for responses to the skilled attorney whose goal is total destruction of the witness1 credibility and confidence.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 9, 1996

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS

I Papers

Kinematic and dynamic features of forging another person’s handwriting
Gerard P. Van Galen and Arend W. A. Van Gemmert………………………………………………………………………… I

Abstract: In this study the simulation of another person’s handwriting is approached from the psychomotor point of view. It is theorized that imitating another person’s handwriting places specific demands on the motor system of the forger which might be invisible in the global and spatial features of the handwriting product, but which would be expressed in the kinematic and dynamic parameters of the forger’s writing movements. From this theory it was predicted that subjects who simulated another per son’s script could exhibit longer movement initiation times, longer movement times, more dysfluent movement trajectories and biomechanically stiffer limb postures. An experiment was conducted in which ten subjects simulated as closely as possible sentences and separate words written by a model writer, while pen tip displacements were recorded with the help of a digitizer tablet. The kinematics of these simulated samples o f script were compared with the subjects’ own writing characteristics. The results revealed longer reaction times, slower movement velocities, more dysfluencies and power spectral density functions of the velocity signal that corroborated the view that a higher degree of limb stiffness occurs during the simulation task. The results of the experiment are discussed with a view to their possible applicability in forensic practice.

Handwriting and its temporal evolution: a process-oriented perspective
Bouwien Smits-Engelsman, Gerard P. Van Galen and Ruud Meulenbroek………………………………………………………………………… 27

Abstract: In this paper we discuss the relationship between handwriting and rhythm. The following questions are asked: (1) To what extent is handwriting a rhythmic task? (2) Which sources of periodicity can be distinguished in handwriting? (3) Are the sources of periodicity in handwriting subject to developmental change? To find answers to these questions, a process-oriented approach to handwriting performance was adopted. According to this approach, handwriting typically is a multi stage cognitive and psychomotor task. When people produce handwriting movements, numerous cognitive and motor processes take place in the neuromuscular system, each with its own typical frequency, phase onset and offset. It is concluded that handwriting is a polyrhythmic process, which asks for the temporal evolution and coordination of harmonic as well as non-harmonic frequencies. It is further argued that the temporal structure of handwriting can be modulated by attentional processes, developmental changes and learning.


A system for the automatic morphological analysis of mediaeval manuscripts
F. Masulli, D. Sona, A. Sperduti, A. Starita, and G. Zaccagnini……………………………………………………………………….. 45

Abstract: We propose an automatic technique based on tangent distance for the morphological analysis of mediaeval manuscripts. We show that using tangent distance it is possible to automatically extract specific characteristics from manuscripts belonging to the same historical period. These characteristics can be used to build a mathematical model for individual characters. These models can then be used to estimate both the type of script and the date of documents for which no certain information is known.


II Technically Speaking

Light and Electron Microscopy Approaches to Sequence ofWriting Problems
Joseph G Barabe, Wayne D. Niemeyer, Vickie Willard……………………………………………………………………… 57

Abstract: Sequence of writing problems constitute only a small percentage of most document examiners’ case loads, but solving such problems can be crucial. It is important to know the factors that make sequences capable of determination, and when possible, to know how to make such a determination or where to find further assistance. McCrone Associates, a microscopical and microanalytical consulting firm with a wide range of instrumentation and analytical techniques, is frequently asked to supplement work performed by individual examiners in smaller laboratories. For this reason, McCrone sponsored research to ascertain which instruments, illumination methods, magnifications and techniques would provide the most definitive answers to a variety of sequence of writing questions.

III Book Reviews

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. Both book reviews below are available in one file. The cost will be $0.

Forensic Signature Examination
Steven A. Slyter……………………………………………………………………… 103

Abstract: Coming at a time when there is serious discussion as to whether handwriting identification is an art or a science, this book states “By its nature, signature examination is not so scientific” (p. viii) yet “It is a technical discipline. The best experts employ the scientific method in a systematic, objective search for the truth” (p. ix). He continues “(this book is)…a systematic method for learning and practicing the skills of forensic signature examination” (p.5). In answer to the age-old question of whether handwriting identification is an art or a science, this author states that it is both. He then goes on in a little over 100 pages to explain why this is the only conclusion that a thoughtful person could reach.

The Role ofthe Expert Witness in a Court Trial (A Guide For the Expert Witness)
Benjamin J. Cantor…………………………………………………………………… 106

Abstract: Benjamin Cantor has written an excellent reference book for expert witnesses, particularly those who have never testified before or who have been subpoenaed on only few occasions. Newcomers will find this book an easy to understand guide which will help them to deal more confidently with the intimidating and often unfriendly environment of the courtroom.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 8, 1995

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS

I Papers

Contemporary issues in forensic handwriting examination. A discussion of key issues in the wake of the Starzecpyzel decision
Bryan Found BSc. DipEd GradDip Neurosci, andDoug Rogers, BSc(Hons.)PhD………………………………………………………………………… I

Abstract: A considerable amount of attention has been focused on the field of forensic handwriting examination as a result of a recent Daubert hearing regarding the admissibility of forensic handwriting testimony (United States of America v. Roberta and Eileen Starzecpyzel 1995). The findings of the hearing provide us with an opportunity to reflect on some of the basic postulates and practices associated with the field, particularly as they are perceived by individuals working within mainstream scientific paradigms. It appears that there are some postulates that are still mounted as underpinning forensic handwriting examination that defy even basic logic when seen in the environment of normal behavioural sciences. Rather than dwell on the possible reasons for this phenomenon, a few basic alternatives to the current explanation of theory and practice will be overviewed. Although what is presented here is largely ‘theoretical’ in nature, it does provide a framework which currently forms the focus of our research. Ultimately, the question as to whether what we do can be regarded as science or a practical skill falls within the frame of reference of those who choose to define those terms. What is important is not that we waste time and effort arguing over the details of which group we belong to, but rather that we concentrate on improving the paradigm within which we all work. The first step in this process is defining what the paradigm is.


Methodological Aspects ofHandwriting Identification
HJJ.Hardy and W. Fagel ………………………………………………………………………… 33

Abstract: Forensic handwriting examination is for the most part an empirical science. It is sustained through the experience and knowledge o f individual practitioners. The knowledge is transferred during case studies carried out by apprentices under the guidance of an experienced handwriting expert. In this type of system, the practice of science is dependent upon the quality of the trainers and training.
It has become clear through participating in workshops, congresses, intercollegiate exchanges and proficiency testing that there are clear parallels in the working methods of experts from various countries. Moreover, trained, experienced handwriting experts tend to come to identical conclusions when assessing the same material.
When experts do not disagree, a lawyer in defending his client will not direct his attack so much on the conclusions of the handwriting identification, but on the methods and techniques applied. In this area, forensic handwriting identification is definitely vulnerable. The first signs of this vulnerability are already visible. At the recent congress of the International Graphonomics Society and Association of Forensic Document Examiners held in London, Ontario, Canada (August 1995), a lawsuit was discussed in which the scientific character of handwriting identification was successfully challenged


Forensic document examination: an international survey of training methods, testing, certification and continuing education requirements in the field
Lynn Wilson Marks ………………………………………………………………………… 71

Abstract: The author conducted a survey to compare training methods, certification and continuing education requirements for forensic handwriting and document examiners. One hundred (100) surveys were mailed to private and government examiners from twenty (20) countries. Thirty-two (32) representatives from sixteen (16) countries responded. The results of the survey are addressed, as well as the feasibility of standardizing training requirements in the field.


Accreditation of Forensic Handwriting Examination
HJJ. Hardy and W. Neuteboom ………………………………………………………………………. 83

Abstract: In this paper the general concepts of modern quality management are outlined and the application to forensic handwriting examination is discussed. Based on the NAMAS2 NIS46 and the EN345001-standard, the Quality Management System (QMS) of the Department for Forensic Handwriting Examination of the National Forensic Science Laboratory (NFSL) has been accredited by STERLAB,4 the Netherlands national accreditation body. Major aspects of the QMS and experiences gained during its implementation are considered.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 6, 1993

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS

I Papers

Forensic Linguistic Examination of Anonymous Communications
Vaclava Musilova, PhDr………………………………………………………………………… 1

Abstract: The analysis of handwriting and language in anonymous letters is similar in many ways. This article provides a foundation for understanding the use of linguistics in forensic evaluations. Because handwriting is representative of language, document examiners can recognize clues that may help in an investigation and provide insights into when to consult with a forensic linguist.

Elements of Language and Handwriting
Bonnie L. Schwid……………………………………………………………………….. 15

Abstract: The author conducted a survey to compare training methods, certification and continuing education requirements for forensic handwriting and document examiners. One hundred (100) surveys were mailed to private and government examiners from twenty (20) countries. Thirty-two (32) representatives from sixteen (16) countries responded. The results of the survey are addressed, as well as the feasibility of standardizing training requirements in the field.

Determining the Sequence of Folds and Writing
Allan R. Keown………………………………………………………………………. 33

Abstract: There are occasions when the order of writing may be the determining evidence needed to either authenticate or invalidate the genuineness of a disputed document. Ultimately, the outcome of a dispute or case in trial may hinge upon such evidential proof. Additional writings to wills, contracts, checks and almost any document that bears a written line can change or alter the original context or meaning o f the document. This article deals primarily with the resultant effect of ink lines crossing concave and convex folds both before and after the folding of the paper. A limited discussion of typing and pencil lines over folds is also included.

Cataloguing Significant Features of Handwriting as an Aid to Objectivising Evidence in the Investigation of Handwritten Script
Karlheinz Bohle……………………………………………………………………….. 41

Abstract: In handwriting identification, the writer or subject to be identified is selected from the total number of subjects on the basis of the analysis of a set of features, defined by the expert, that can differ from case to case. The set of features selected and analyzed must be adequate to allow the writing to be attributed to its originator. The writer is identified by analyzing the individualistic feature complex, which reflects the non-repetetive individual characteristics of the writer. The writer’s individual characteristics, reflected in his handwriting, are greatly deter mined by the degree of perfection of the writing. The responsible handwriting ex pert, confined objectively by the features which exist in the particular case, will specify the number of features required for individualization, taking into account his own subjective experience.

II In the Courts

Establishing Credibility in the Courtroom: Six Imperatives for The Expert Witness
Constance Bernstein………………………………………………………………………… 59

Abstract:
This article will outline six nonverbal attitudes which communicate trustworthiness and confidence to your audience. When you adopt them, you will open your listener to your persuasion, increasing your power and influence in the courtroom.

Court Rulings
………………………………………………………………………… 71

III Technically Speaking

The Use of Betaradiography in the Examination of Documents
Miloslav Musil RNDr……………………………………………………………………….. 73

Abstract: This article summarizes the hitherto unknown possibilities of using a less utilized method of handwriting and document examination—betaradiography. The physical and chemical bases of using radioactive agents, specifically labeled compounds, and their application to document examination are briefly given. The use of this method is illustrated by some examples, particularly the ability to examine paper structure without disturbing the influence of overlay prints, and further utilization of radiograms in collections and files, examination of mechanical interventions in written materials, and testing the quality of instant lottery tickets.

IV Book Reviews

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. The cost will be $0.

Forensic Document Examination in Medical Malpractice Cases
Melita M. Biese…………………………………………………………………… 83

Abstract: This book provides an extremely thorough study of a topic that can be explosive within a medical malpractice case. The alteration of medical records is an event seen with such increasing frequency that only the most naive can assume that record “doctoring” is a rare event.

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 5, 1992

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS

I Papers

Dynamics of the Writing Movement: Physical Modelling and Practical Application
H.J.H. Hardy………………………………………………………………………… 1

Abstract: During the Fifth Handwriting Conference of the International Graphonomics Society held in Tempe 1991 it became clear that aspects of research on motor control of handwriting are applicable to handwriting identification.

This paper, first presented in London at the autumn meeting of the Forensic Science Society in 1985, initially included results of research published up to 1986. In this updated paper, more recent contributions are included. Attention is focused on central level programming of handwriting and on the possibilities of handwriting simulators, especially digital ones. In addition, results of this author’s experiments analyzing the handwriting movement are described.

This paper proposes a model in which the writing movement within a letter, letter combination, connection, etc. is analyzed as a flowing combination of movements of separate muscle joint systems.

Handwriting and Signatures of the Visually Impaired
Pat Tull………………………………………………………………………… 35

Abstract: Abstract: The purpose of this research was to determine how the handwriting and/or signature of a writer who was graphically mature prior to becoming visually impaired or blind would change after the loss of vision.

Published articles regarding the handwriting or signatures of the blind or visually impaired writer were reviewed and their conclusions compared for agreement or disagreement.

A Case Study of Dating Multiple-Sclerosis Onset by Handwriting
Ann Hooten………………………………………………………………………… 55

Abstract: Handwriting samples from the period 1938 to 1980 from a man diagnosed with multiple sclerosis were examined to determine whether a date could be established when changes resulting from the onset of the disease appeared in his handwriting. This paper illustrates the deterioration in handwriting as a result of the disease.

II In the Courts

Westlaw Search of The Acceptance of The Word Disguise in Document Expert Testimony
Lynn Wilson Marks………………………………………………………………………… 65

Abstract: Disguise as we know it remains a difficult handwriting problem for the document examiner. Equally precarious is the use of the word disguise and its acceptability in our courts. Or is it?

Black’s Law Dictionary defines the verb disguise as “To change the guise or appearance of, especially to conceal by unusual dress. To hide by a counterfeit appearance. To obscure the existence or true state or character of a person or thing.”

Though not stated outright, intent is implied. Herein lies the dilemma for the document examiner as to state intent goes beyond our area of expertise, yet disguise is a frequently observed handwriting problem.

Use of the Word Expert
………………………………………………………………………… 65

Abstract: The quandary of when and how to use the word expert plagues every expert witness at one time or another. A well-trained document examiner is taught that the word expert, while commonly used in advertising and by attorneys, should not be used by the examiner him or herself, as it is a legal term determined by the court in a given case.

III Technically Speaking

A Simplified L.I.D. Design
StevenA Slyter………………………………………………………………………… 71

Abstract: Most independent document examiners recognize the importance of equipping their labs with a latent image developing system. Such a system makes it possible to detect or develop the image indented into a piece of paper. The problem for the small, independent lab has always been the prohibitive cost of the commercial systems. The actual mechanics of the machine are not very sophisticated and many workable machines have been built by examiners using off-the-shelf components.

IV Book Review

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. The cost will be $0.

The Diary of Anne Frank: The Critical Edition
Lynn Wilson Marks………………………………………………………………………… 73

Abstract: The Netherlands State Institute for War Documentation has compiled a well-annotated text containing exhaustive facts surrounding the diary^s preparation and subsequent publications. Written from an historical and factual basis, The Critical Edition is a compelling compilation of eyewitness accounts, as well as court and other official records that reflect upon the writing of three sets of documents that we now know as “the diary.”

JOURNAL OF FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATION

VOL 4, 1991

ISSN 0895-0849

CONTENTS


I Papers

Inks on Manuscripts and Documents – Part II
John Grimer………………………………………………………………………. 1

Abstract: The history of inks has not been well documented. The limited information concerning materials which were used and the early techniques of their preparation has been made available through the efforts of only a relatively few historians and scholars. Technical and chemical information has been gathered by workers in the fields of forensic analysis, art and paper conservation and product research and development.This paper traces the production of ink from the time of the earliest known writing inks to the present day.

Security Ink
James Grant Stroud……………………………………………………………………….. 14

Abstract: Security inks are used on currency, traveler’s checks, cashier’s cheques, stocks, bonds, titles, identity cards, passports, and other documents of significant value. The main reasons for using security inks are to deter counterfeiting and allow for easy validation of authenticity of a questionable document, and to prevent alteration of a signature or amount. Any attempt at alteration by physical or chemical means will remove the background printing, thereby drawing attention to the alteration.

For purposes of convenience, the various types of inks which follow, are categorized by the printing processes using them.

A Brief History of the Rubber Stamp
The Southwell Company …………………………………………………………………….. 18

Abstract: Although South American Indians had been making rubber dies for hundreds of years to put patterns on their bodies, the practical development of rubber stamps had to await the discovery of the process of vulcanization of rubber by Charles Goodyear. In 1839, after six years of working with rubber, he accidentally discovered that sulphur plus heat provided the solution to his problem of making rubber usable at both high and low temperatures. He predicted that his discovery would be used, among other things, “for printing.”

Forensic Document Examination
Manfred Hecker …………………………………………………………………….. 21

Abstract:
Handwriting examination is not a branch of document examination that can be neatly isolated. Most of the time, if not always, it requires an analysis of the entire document.


It Ain’t Necessarily So! A Study in Guided Hand Writing
Nancy H. Cole …………………………………………………………………….. 34

Abstract: This paper records a field study of “guided hand” writing. The purpose was to test the hypothesis that when a subject’s hand is guided, the writing product takes on the characteristics of the guided hand. This study was conducted with elderly and/or infirm subjects from whom “normal writing” was first collected. An amnesis was requested for all subjects, and time of ingestion of food and medication vis a vis the writing sample was observed and noted. Normal writing of the healthy, younger “guiders” was also recorded. Writing samples of all assisted, resisted and guided samples were tabulated and comparisons made of slant, pressure, form level, line quality, baseline habit, level of distortion (including degree of tremor and legibility,) size and ratio. A summary of findings concludes the report.

Guided Hand Signatures: Pretrial Preparation for Attorneys
Vickie L. Willard …………………………………………………………………….. 44

Abstract: While guided hand signatures are not frequently encountered in litigation, it is not uncommon for a claim of guided hand to follow an expert opinion that the signature at issue is non-genuine. Guided hand signatures are produced through the joint efforts of two people writing together. Each person may contribute equally to the writing procedure or one writer may dominate. If the person wishing to subscribe his name to a document does not have the strength to do so, the predominant movements of the written signature are more likely to be those of the guider. If, on the other hand, the subscriber needs only to have someone steady him as he writes, the movement patterns will more closely resemble his own writing rather than those of the guider. Guided hand signatures require a different evaluation process than those signatures commonly encountered. It will, therefore, assist the document examiner to have sample signatures of the claimed guider’s writing, as well as the writing of the signatory’s name.

Survey of Typewriter Examination
Dr. JayLevinson……………………………………………………………………. 47

Abstract: When a document examiner receives an apparently typewritten document for examination, he must first determine on which kind of typewriter the document was prepared, or the style and manufacturer of the type font. Different classes of typewriters have different characteristics and implications for the examiner. This paper will, therefore, first explain the history of the typewriter and will then discuss the working principles of the various kinds of typewriters. Within this background, questions of concern to the document examiner will be addressed.


II In the Courts


Courtroom Dynamics. How Judges Assess Expert Witness Testimony….and other presentations
Leila B. Alson……………………………………………………………………. 60

Abstract: How does an expert witness—or any person addressing the court—best present an opinion in testimony? What contributes to or detracts from credibility when testifying? How does voice, body language and demeanor affect a court’s perception o f a witness?

As a speech and communications coach, I’m frequently called in by attorneys to work with prospective witnesses before they appear in court and, indeed, often work with the attorneys themselves on courtroom presentation skills.

Reasoning that the best way to answer these questions on effective courtroom presentation would be to go straight to the source, I recently surveyed twenty experienced trial judges on the subject of communication and credible testimony.


III Technically Speaking

What You See is What You Get: Or is it7
John S. Gorajczyk…………………………………………………………………. 67

Abstract: Over the years when photographing documents using Polaroid color film, I often became upset when a strobe light would not function. When this happened, the document was not reproduced in the correct colors. After several close-up shots of altered documents, I found that this strobe malfunction could actually assist me with my demonstration of the alterations. It never occurred to me to mention this to anyone because the technique seemed so simple. I thought I was probably the only one who wasn’t aware of this technique of using color Polaroid film for examination of ink and altered documents. At this time I can present some of the results of my research, but cannot conclusively explain why this technique works.


IV Book Review

Note: Book reviews are free, but must be “ordered” in the usual way. The cost will be $0.


The Judgment of Experts. Essays and Documents about the Investigation of the Forging of the Oath of a Freeman.
(EditedbyJamesGilreath.)……………………………………………………………………… 69

Abstract: The Judgment of Experts is the fifth book to deal with Mark Hoffman’s extraordinarily successful career as a forger who fooled an impressive list of experts with his creation of ancient documents. Had Hoffman’s career not been cut short, these documents could have changed the history of the Morman Church.